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En los últimos años, los resultados más esperanzadores están asociados a la investigación en medicina génica para el tratamiento de las enfermedades de origen genético, principalmente de las que afectan a un solo gen.

Las asociaciones benéficas, además, colaboramos con estos proyectos poniendo a disposición de las instituciones médicas el historial clínico de los pacientes, lo que facilita la validación de nuevos ensayos clínicos.

LA TERAPIA ANTISENTIDO O ASO
El término ASO es una abreviación de Antisense Oligonucleotides, y se refiere a pequeños fragmentos de ácidos nucleicos que tienen entre 8 y 20 nucleótidos. Esta estructura está específicamente diseñada con un fin terapéutico para silenciar RNAs mensajeros, conocidos también como RNAs no codificantes.

Los medicamentos antisentido son oligonucleótidos que se unen a proteínas o RNAs y bloquean la formación o el funcionamiento de las proteínas responsables de causar la enfermedad.

Varios estudios han demostrado que este tipo de terapias son efectivas en el tratamiento de enfermedades neurodegenerativas. Sin embargo, la terapia antisentido puede producir efectos secundarios de riesgo. Por lo tanto, las investigaciones siguen profundizando tanto en la efectividad de las terapias como en la disminución de sus efectos no deseados.

El Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, el centro de referencia mundial para la leucodistrofia asociada al gen TUBB4A, ha firmado un acuerdo con la empresa SynaptixBio para desarrollar una investigación conjunta en terapias ASO.

Los ensayos clínicos patrocinados por SynaptixBio serán lanzados en 2024, lo que, lógicamente, genera grandes expectativas.

MEDICINA PERSONALIZADA PARA EL TRATAMIENTO DE ENFERMEDADES RARAS
Un nuevo enfoque en la medicina genética se basa en la creación de fármacos personalizados. Es decir, se crea un medicamento específicamente para un paciente.

Este tipo de terapias contra enfermedades raras tienen en cuenta mucho más que el origen de la enfermedad: se fija también en el estilo de vida del paciente y en sus particularidades.

Un caso paradigmático es el de Milasen, que fue especificamente diseñado para Mila Makovec, una niña diagnosticada con la enfermedad de Batten, una enfermedad rara neurodegenerativa que disminuye las capacidades mentales y motoras, para la que aún no existe una cura.

Los investigadores encontraron que el problema estaba en las dos copias del gen MFSD8 de Mila. Modificando el proceso habitual para encontrar un nuevo medicamento, seleccionaron los oligonucleótidos más efectivos para revertir los problemas que tenía dicho gen y, en lugar de hacer experimentos con animales y ensayos clínicos en otros pacientes, llevaron adelante las pruebas directamente en células tomadas de Mila.

Constataron los niveles de toxicidad, solicitaron las autorizaciones necesarias y, finalmente, administraron el fármaco a la paciente. El nuevo enfoque les permitió lograr todo esto en menos de un año y medio.

LA TERAPIA GÉNICA CON ADENOVIRUS
Otra alternativa para tratar enfermedades hipomielinizantes se basa en la investigación del Dr. Guangping Gao (Universidad de Massachusetts) en conjunto con especialistas de la Universidad de Yale.

Lo que buscan es desarrollar vectores de virus adenoasociados (AAV) para transportar material genético que podría silenciar o superar al gen TUBB4A mutado.

Cada tipo de AAV tiene una propiedad diferente y puede afectar distintos tipos de órganos y tejidos, por este motivo, en la actualidad se usan en una gran variedad de estrategias de medicina genética para atacar diferentes enfermedades neurodegenerativas y raras.

EL CRISPR Y LA LEUCODISTROFIA ASOCIADA AL GEN TUBB4A
El tratamiento conocido como Repeticiones Palindrómicas Cortas Agrupadas y Regularmente Espaciadas, o CRISPR (por sus siglas en inglés), es la mejor alternativa con vistas al futuro para curar enfermedades neurológicas como la leucodistrofia asociada al gen TUBB4A. Por esta razón se trata de la principal apuesta de nuestro proyecto solidario en la Fundación TUBB4A.

El CRISPR Funciona como un sistema de «tijeras moleculares» que permite a los científicos modificar genes específicos. Esta técnica se basa en la capacidad del CRISPR para dirigirse a secuencias de ADN precisas y realizar cortes en esos lugares.

Luego, se pueden realizar reparaciones o modificaciones en el ADN con alta precisión, lo que ofrece un potencial sin precedentes para tratar enfermedades raras de origen genético, desarrollar terapias personalizadas y avanzar en la investigación biomédica.

Estos tratamientos han demostrado ser efectivos en algunas enfermedades genéticas raras, pero hay dos cuestiones para tener en cuenta:

Por un lado, funcionan bien contra enfermedades de la sangre, ya que se deben extraer células madre, editarlas en el laboratorio, comprobar si se ha corregido el defecto genético y finalmente inyectarlas al paciente. Si se trata de una enfermedad que afecta a un órgano sólido, por ejemplo, esto no es posible.

Por otro lado, el costo de estas terapias es prohibitivo para la gran mayoría de la población, ya que se calcula que el tratamiento podría costar unos 3 millones de euros.

Por estos motivos, es fundamental seguir invirtiendo en investigaciones de medicina genética, de tal forma que se logren avances técnicos y tecnológicos que lleven a tratamientos paliativos e incluso curas, no solo efectivos, sino también accesibles para la mayoría de las personas.

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